Famous Houses

“Despite all the problems associated with their use,...

Crime statistics published by the Home Office provide information regarding crime rates, the trends of which ethnicity, social class, areas in the country that commit the highest rates crime. The method that is used to collate the data. Quantitative methods such as questionnaires and secondary data are used by positivists (who see sociology as a science) which means that the problems with the methods used relate to the problems with crime statistics. There are many problems with official statistics, especially when they are showing trends in crime. The problems however, do not outweigh the beneficial factors that come with using crime statistics. Crime statistics is the type of data that is collected over long periods of time. The†¦show more content†¦People with high powered jobs in the course of their professional or business occupation include bribery and corruption, tax evasion and embezzling funds and other types of fraud. These crimes go unreported because these people are not under scrutiny or are not being observed because they have the authority - no one is above them. In addition, these crimes are dealt with in a different way. Rather than being handed to the policing authorities to be prosecuted in court, they are sacked, and their professional title would be striped of their possession. An example of White collar crime would be of the American company Enron. Enron grew unexpectedly to be America’s 7th largest company, employing 21,000 members of staff in more than 40 countries. The firm’s success was later to be explained by an elaborate scam. Enron had deceived their employees about their p rofits and stands accuse of a range of inexplicit deals, including concealing debts. More than six moths after a criminal inquiry was announced, the guilty parties have still not been brought to justice (CBC news). This means that crime statistics provide evidence that the middle and upper classes are unrepresented, thus translating to much importance to Marxists. Due to the fact that the higher classes are benefiting from crime, as they remain un-prosecuted, it supports the theory that the bourgeoisie in a Capitalist society are the ruling class. However, after considering the disadvantages and

Limitations of the Australian Thresholdâ€Free Samples for Students

Question: What are the limitations of the Australian Threshold? Answer: Introduction The artistic features prepared by the indigenous group of the Australian are known as the Aboriginal Art. The aboriginal art includes the artistic painting on the leaves, rock carving, woodcarving, sand painting, and sculpting. It is to be indicated that the aboriginal art is reflecting the rituals and ceremonies of Australian aboriginal group. According to Quayle, Sonn and Kasat (2016), this art is considered as the oldest traditional art that highlights many of the innovative paintings. The study will explore the underlying facts regarding the aboriginal arts. The analytical point of view will be incorporated in this study to develop the clear understanding related to the subject matter. Review of the Article The article explores the facts related to the unique art features created by the aboriginal group of people in Australia. The following points will highlight the key features of the artwork illustrated by the famous artists of the indigenous community. Origin of aboriginal art The etymological origin of the Aboriginal art is the Dreamtime stories and symbols. The specialty of this era is the conceptions of the local people regarding creation of the world. The life span of the dream time stories is more than 50,000 years and the legacy have been passed through all the generations (Sanz, Fiore and May 2016). Delving deep into the tradition, all of the art does not entre around the dreamtime stories. Comparison of all the art forms of the Australian threshold, aboriginal art enriches the knowledge of the local people about the worldly creation. The passing on of the legacy through all of the generations contradicts the limitations of the indigenous people. Linguistics of the aboriginal art There is an absence of native language for the aboriginal people settled in the Australian threshold. This is the main reason for representation of the culture and traditions in the form of symbols (McDonald 2014). This practice finds its applicability also in terms of conveying important information to the people regarding the cultural diversity. Maintenance of traditionalism in the symbols and icons helps the artisans to preserve the Australian culture. In spite of the differences in the linguistics, critiques are invoked to compare the aboriginal art to the Western art movement. This invocation attaches a different shade to the aboriginal art, which enriches the cultural heritage (Eagle 2014). Uses of aboriginal art One of the most common uses of the aboriginal art is to teach painting to the children. Keeping in mind the varying interests of the people, different bases are used for depicting the symbols of cultural heritage. This variation holds different connotations for children and adults. For children, the art forms enrich their knowledge about the culture of their motherland. From the perspective of the adults, the aboriginal art is a tribute to the efforts of the artisans in terms of enlivening the history of creation (Kubota 2016). This utilization of the aboriginal art improves the visual sense of the audience. Moreover, levying the information about the creation of the world through paintings helps the people to find similarities with the everyday life. Multiculturalism of aboriginal art Before the advent of Europeans in Australia, multiculturalism has already made its way into the threshold of Australia. The major drive behind this is the presence of multiple language groups and cultures. Variations in the cultures have resulted in the creation of various different styles, which have aligned with the specific tastes and preferences of the audience. Herein, lays the attempts undertaken by the media personnel in terms of enriching the knowledge of the public domain about the cultural diversity of Australia (Hodder 2013). Typical examples in this direction are the exhibitions, placement of the paintings in the museums for visual entertainment of the tourists and local people among others. Legal specifications The artists are entrusted to follow certain rules and regulations, prior to the initiation of painting. As the painting reveals out the specifications of the sacred information, the painter needs to take permission from the statutory body of law. Even the traditional painters are not exempted from these specifications. The traditional and experienced artists cannot picturize a story, which does not align with his family legacy. Consideration of these specifications adds a legal touch to the paintings, which are placed in the exhibitions (Cameron 2015). On the contrary, lack of compliance to these specifications spoils the sanctity of the cultural heritage, which degrades the national status. Painting boards The modern aboriginal paintings are drawn on canvas. However, the story was different in the earlier times. As a matter of specifications, wall scratches, rock walls, bodies of humans, sand, dirt and ceremonial articles were the different abodes of the aboriginal paintings. However, the etymological origin of canvas is only 40 years ago (David et al. 2013). Credit goes to Geoffrey Bardon, who, in 1971 brought a transformation in the painting platform from scribbling of the stories in the sands to the depiction of these stories on canvas boards. His motivation and encouragement took the aboriginal art to the standards of western art movement. Following the footsteps of Geoffrey uplifted the standard of the aboriginal art to the extent of achieving success in the provision of providing thrilling visual experience to the audiences, which aligns with the standards of 20th century art forms (Hodder 2013). Dot painting The main purpose of using dots in the aboriginal art is to conceal the secret of the sacred information from the white men. Its usage began, when the native people became conscious of preserving the cultural heritage of the art form. Utilization of several dots placed the revealed facts underneath the real projection. This added to the safety and security of the traditionalism related to the native art (Eagle 2014). Typical example of this is the morphology of the classical styles brought in by the Pintupi tribes. The morphology relates to the upliftment of the art form. Viewing it from other perspective, combination of dots results in one whole fragment, which acts as a protective cover for the picturized story. Environment of the aboriginal art The life span of the indigenous people attains longevity as compared to the other civilizations of the world. Surviving with the hostile environment has taught the people to adapt themselves amidst the complexities of life (Sanz, Fiore and May 2016). This has been possible due to the transmission of spiritual knowledge, cultural behavior, and practical skills among the local tribes. These values are reflected in the art forms, which can be considered as an upliftment in the social status of the aboriginal people. Placement of the paintings by the aboriginal tribes in the museums is a typical example in this direction. Widespread glory of the masterpieces of the aboriginal people sheds off the issues of exclusion, isolation from their fate and adds fame (Kubota 2016). Worth of the Artistic painting The article indicates that the price of the aboriginal artwork is much higher. Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri has painted most of the artworks. In the year of 2007, Warlugulong, the famous artwork of Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri was sold in almost $2.4 million. The use of the unique artistic ideas and the exploration of the antique beauty are making this aboriginal piece of work priceless (Merlan 2014). One of the Australian female artists made the record for an indigenous work. This illustration of Emily Kame Kngwarreye, Earths Creation was sold to a private buyer with the expense of $1.056 million in the year of 2007. The cultural reflection The aboriginal artwork helps in reviewing the cultural trait of the indigenous people in Australia in a remarkable way. It has the positive influence on these people to make them more culturally competent (Murphy 2016). The young indigenous people become knowledgeable about the facts of their culture since the old generation of the indigenous group has taught them in an influential way. The enriched knowledge derived from these aboriginal arts are ensuring some of the intangible benefits, such as increasing pride and self-esteem in the cultural perspectives. The reflection of the beautiful aboriginal arts helps in clarifying the understanding of the indigenous cultures. Categorization of the Aboriginal Illustration The aboriginal artwork is categorized into three major divisions, such as general version, public version, and ceremonial level. The indigenous people derive the ideas about the diverse languages included in the cultural aspects (Zurba and Berkes 2014). Moreover, the future generation of the indigenous group receives the enriched information about the customs, rituals, and ceremonies. Many of the arts illustrate the typical dreaming story that the public usually visualises in their regular lives. The reflection of the artistic story is also visible in these artworks. Traditional Symbolism It has been noticed that the symbolism of U shape is mostly used in the desert art or in the sand art. The U shape appears when a person sits cross-legged in the sand. The use of the symbolism is one of the unique features of the aboriginal arts. The desert art form of the aboriginal group is mostly prepared by utilising such symbolism. Aboriginal Community It has been observed that the Truganini was considered as the last person of the indigenous person in Tasmania. However, the perception was wrong. It was notified that a string and vibrant group of indigenous community in Tasmania has the visible existence (Flicker et al. 2014). The unique artistic values are reflected through the illustrations of the famous indigenous artist like Julie Gough and Ricky Maynard. In fact, a number of the indigenous people from Tasmania have been continuing the cultural practices through their epic artworks. Utilisation of Art The artists from the aboriginal group sometimes use the aerial depiction for the desert art. One of the unique features of the aboriginal art is that people do not need a map to design their house with the artwork. People can hang the artwork as per their choice. The maintenance of the versatility in this aboriginal art is much attractive (Shield and Loo 2014). People purchase the illustrative arts at a very higher price to decorate their home. In fact, it is also considered as the lucky signs of the indigenous culture. Skin Names The skin names of the aboriginal art form refers to the selected name of the men and women. The skin name feature is quite a complex system for providing the knowledge about the relationship between people, responsibilities, and their roles and responsibilities (Dowell 2015). It also depicts the clear linking between the land and the ceremonies in a clarified way. It can be interpreted that the use of the skin names holds the significant priority in the artwork prepared by the indigenous community. Conclusion The study elaborates the review of the facts associated with the aboriginal artwork prepared by the indigenous people in Australia. The use of the symbolic values and the unique art features are quite remarkable. The eye-catching arts are sold to the people at higher price. In fact, it is also notable that the young people from the indigenous group receive the enriched information about the cultural traits, customs, and rituals. The description of the cultural value of the indigenous community is reflected through the commendable illustrations of the famous artists. References Cameron, E., 2015, June. Is It Art or Knowledge? Deconstructing Australian Aboriginal Creative Making. InArts(Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 68-74). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. David, B., Geneste, J.M., Petchey, F., Delannoy, J.J., Barker, B. and Eccleston, M., 2013. How old are Australia's pictographs? A review of rock art dating.Journal of Archaeological Science,40(1), pp.3-10. Dowell, K.L., 2015. " The Future Looks Rad from Where I Stand": A Review of Claiming Space: Voices of Urban Aboriginal Youth at the UBC Museum of Anthropology.Anthropologica,57(1), pp.239-246. Eagle, M., 2014. A history of Australian art 1830-1930: told through the lives of the objects. Flicker, S., Danforth, J.Y., Wilson, C., Oliver, V., Larkin, J., Restoule, J.P., Mitchell, C., Konsmo, E., Jackson, R. and Prentice, T., 2014. " Because we have really unique art": Decolonizing Research with Indigenous Youth Using the Arts.International Journal of Indigenous Health,10(1), p.16. Hodder, I., 2013.The meanings of things: material culture and symbolic expression. Routledge. Kubota, S., 2016. Innovation of Paintings and Its Transmission: Case Studies from Aboriginal Art in Australia. InSocial Learning and Innovation in Contemporary Hunter-Gatherers(pp. 229-234). Springer Japan. McDonald, G., 2014. Aboriginal art and cultural diplomacy: Australia, the United States, and the Culture Warriors exhibition.Journal of Australian Studies,38(1), pp.18-31. Merlan, F., 2014. Recent rituals of indigenous recognition in Australia: Welcome to country.American Anthropologist,116(2), pp.296-309. Murphy, J.R., 2016. What we don't talk about when we talk about aboriginal art.Going Down Swinging, (37), p.82. Quayle, A., Sonn, C. and Kasat, P., 2016. Community arts as public pedagogy: disruptions into public memory through Aboriginal counter-storytelling.International Journal of Inclusive Education,20(3), pp.261-277. Sanz, I.D., Fiore, D. and May, S.K. eds., 2016.Archaeologies of Art: Time, Place, and Identity. Routledge. Shield, R. and Loo, S., 2014. Contemporary Aboriginal art and the cultural landscapes of urban Australia. InAustralasian Urban History Planning History Conference (UHPH 14): Landscapes and Ecologies of Urban and Planning History(pp. 759-770). Zurba, M. and Berkes, F., 2014. Caring for country through participatory art: creating a boundary object for communicating Indigenous knowledge and values.Local Environment,19(8), pp.821-836.

Employee Performance free essay sample

Employee Performance Team Names Here University of Phoenix HRM 300 March 24, 2013 Instructor Name Here Identified Two Jobs At Kudler Fine Foods there are many important roles within the organization that rely on the performance management system to ensure they are achieving the goals and objectives of the organization. The two positions discussed in this paper are the baker and the assistant manager. Both roles are extremely important roles in Kudler Fine Foods that rely on the roles and involvement of the performance management systems to ensure they are meeting the goals and objectives set by the organization as well as understanding their strengths and weaknesses within the organization. This paper will discuss the general function of performance management systems suggest two job evaluation methods for the baker and assistant managers positions, compare and contrast the possible compensations plans, and explain the importance of providing employee benefit plan to the baker and assistant manager for Kudler Fine Foods. General Function of Performance Management The general function of performance management is to provide a process that delivers a fair and accurate account of individual employee performance within an organization. Appraisal systems of any type generally provide assessment that is often viewed as judgment over a particular individual’s performance for a particular period of time. Such a system, or process is best practiced with goals are set in the beginning, and then followed up with feedback regarding the outcome of the goals current status. Growth of the individual within the organization is the ultimate desire of such a system, and such growth of the individual will not end until employment with the company in question no longer exists. Provided goals may come as part of a set of different functions within a job description that the individual needs to accomplish or improve upon, or the goals might be more tailored to the individual on personal growth issues. Regardless, when an individual is provided tangible goals that can be reached within the measured period of time there is opportunity for growth. The feedback provided by management, and the individual in the evaluation process is valuable in determining progress, and the next step to be taken in the growth process. The â€Å"appraisal system† has long been utilized to assist in the growth of employees in measureable goals, the actual performance guideline, and a comparison that performance with set standards (DeCenzo and Robbins, 2007). Kudler Find Foods briefly covers â€Å"performance evaluation† in their human resources â€Å"policy and procedure† online handbook. Exact details are not provided other than to demonstrate to the reader that â€Å"formal performance evaluations† will take place, and discuss performance, goals setting, strengths and weaknesses (Kudler Fine Foods, 2012). This demonstrates Kudler’s belief that performance evaluation is important, and in doing so within the online handbook communicates to the reader a sense of value will be placed upon their work ethic. Job Evaluation Methods Job evaluations are conducted within organizations to evaluate their employee’s job performances. There are three basic types of methods that organizations use to evaluate these performances; they are the ranking method, the factor comparison method, and the point method. The ranking method compares each position to other positions based on overall ranking assigned by the organization. Another method used is the factor comparison. This method uses a set of skills that are assigned a value; a list of jobs and a pay scale are created by assigning a value to each job based on the skill value. If an organization has a large number of employees, this is usually the organization’s preferred method. The third method commonly used is the point method. This method identifies a set of skills and subsections of each skill and assigns point values to each subset skill. There are two positions that are being evaluated at Kudler Fine Foods. These two positions are the Baker and the Assistant Store Manager position. The managers are trying to determine the best method for evaluating the positions within the organization. Baker’s Position There are two methods that are being tested for this position to evaluate this employee’s job performance. These methods are the factor comparison and the point method. Both of these methods could be effective for evaluating this position. Both of these methods are based on the employee’s skills. They are based on the skills of the individual only, not compared to other’s skills within the organization. However, using these methods could also be difficult to assess the baker’s skill level. Research would have to be done using other stores comparable to Kudler Fine Foods and their skilled baker’s. This research would have to collect data that would give the manager’s at Kudler an idea of what the job performance level should be as a baker. Assistant Store Manager There are two methods that are being considered to evaluate this position. They are the ranking and factor comparison method. The ranking method could be effective because the ranking could be completed by other Kudler employees. Determining the ranking system, could be based on previous assistant store manager employees at Kudler’s. Their job performance level is based on what impact they have on the organization as a whole and what they can do to improve the organization. The disadvantage of using the ranking method is the employee’s true job performance is not always accurately evaluated by just comparing the performance based on other employee’s within the organization. Using the factor comparison method could be the most effective method. This method assigns a value to each job that is performed by the employee. This method evaluates the actual job performed. Compensation Plans The best possible compensation plans for a baker’s position would be the individual incentive plan and the paying for performance plan. These two plans would cause the baker to want to perform at their best possible. The individual incentive plan pays the employee based on their performance at the job. This plan has many approaches including merit pay, bonuses for time savings, pay per completed piece, and commissions off of sales of the pieces. The best possible pay for the baker would be pay per completed piece. Since the baker would be baking all day they could be given a commission on pieces completed as long as those pieces met the standards set forth by the company. This fits in with the pay for performance plan. Since the baker would be wanting to make the best possible product and the most of that product the baker’s performance would rise and they would be rewarded for that rise in productivity (DeCenzo amp; Robbins, ,   2007). The best possible compensation plans for the Assistant Store Manager would be the group incentive and plant wide incentive plans. These two plans would cause the Assistant Store Manager to want to be involved as much as possible with the workings of the plant. The group incentive plan pays a group of individuals based on their performance. Having an active Assistant Store Manager helping the group would cause their productivity to rise thus causing more products to be available for sale. Using the plant-wide incentive program would make the Assistant Store Manager want to ensure that the plant was running at full capacity. If there were problems that caused the plant to lose productivity the Manager would want to fix those problems as quickly as possible thus causing productivity to rise once again (DeCenzo amp; Robbins, ,   2007). Importance of Employee Benefits The importance of providing employee benefit plans to employees working in the baker and CEO roles depend on what’s important to the individuals in those positions. One would think that management at Kudler Fine Foods (KFF) would go about the employee benefit plans process in one of several ways, depending on what’s more valuable to those decision makers. One approach could be to engage the services of a consulting firm which specializes in employee benefit plan designation and implementation, to acquire an independent evaluation of the creation and implementation of this process from beginning to a functional implementation in this whole process. Stakeholders in KFF could also create a committee who could agree on a creation of employee benefit plans that would suitable for the roles of the CEO and the baker’s positions. The importance of providing employee benefit plans to employees is to take are of employees’ needs, to stay competitive and employee retention. Companies like KFF need to attract and retain a CEO, which will mean that KFF will need to implement an ‘attractive’ executive benefit plan package. CEO pay and benefits will need to compete with other organizations in its same industry bracket. If KFF’s management believe their growth prospects are more attractive relative to its peers, then deferred stock-options may be a part of the CEO’s benefit plan. Compensation committees are concerned that organizations would like to incentivize the CEO for middle- to long-term and sustainable growth, with advocates like Warren Buffet emphasizing much more attractive stock-option grants for CEOs in the long-term, instead of short-term pressure for earnings. The process of designing an employee benefit plan for a baker’s role may not take as much effort as that of the C-suite. Depending on the skills and training of the baker, the baker’s employee plan needs to strike a balance between what KFF can reasonably be able to afford in it’s benefits selection and delegation for this role. KFF will need to live within it’s means, which means different things to different people. To be conservative in this plan and to pay attention to how established competitors in their same bracket may be a good place to start. Essentially the goal of this plan is to theoretically offer enough of an employee benefit plan that reasonable employees will deem as valuable, and a plan that KFF could afford. For certain companies, demographics like age, and other factors could help explain and shape the employee benefit plan process. If the baker’s are all young, in a college town, then a generous tuition plan may be more desirable. If the baker’s role is in a part of the country where folks are older, in a rural part of the country, then more generous retirement benefits may seem valuable. Simply put, KFF management will need to strike a balance between the needs of their employees to what the employees find as most valuable to them. The design and process of implementation of the entire employee benefit plan(s) is a balance between the skills of what people in the CEO and baker’s roles can benefit KFF, and how KFF can then give back to its employees. One of the conservative responses in this area of discussion lso has pay-for-performance features within it – deferred compensation: middle-to-long-term in various forms-profit sharing, 401(k) contributions and subsidizations, stock performance allotments, etc. , all point to organizations like KFF who value their bakers and CEO. Hopefully workers and KFF management will strike a ‘healthy’ balance between the integral role that ke y employees give back to their employer, and how the employer will then bestow back to their employees a valuable employee benefit plan that will take care of their employees’ needs, to the best of KFF’s abilities within budget and other constraints each side will work with. References DeCenzo, D. , amp; Robbins, S. (2007). Fundamentals of human resource management (9th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Kudler Fine Foods, (2012), Human Resources, Policy and procedures, Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/CIST/VOP/Business/Kudler2/intranet/policies-procedures. asp#performance

Sleep Cycle Essay Example

Sleep Cycle Essay Its natural to blame sleep problems on stress or physical changes that come with age. But many cases of either sleeplessness or poor sleep are caused by a handful of specific problems, most of them fixable with lifestyle changes or the help of a doctor. Here, five little-known causes of sleep problems and what to do about them. 1. Light How it disrupts sleep: You probably already know that when you stay up late under bright lights, you interrupt your bodys natural sleep-wake cycle, because light tricks your brain into remaining in daylight mode. Less well known is that the light from computer screens and iPads shining directly into your eyes at close range is especially troublesome. Why? Part of the problem is that the light from these devices is at the blue end of the spectrum, which scientists believe is particularly disruptive to circadian rhythms. Blue light, although common during the day, doesnt occur naturally during the evening. Similarly, light shining in your eyes while you sleep even very small amounts coming from, say, a lighted clock makes your brain think its morning and emerge out of deep sleep. Darkness triggers production of the hormone melatonin, the hormone that triggers sleepiness and the onset of sleep. Light prevents this release or shuts it off. The evidence: Studies have long shown that shift workers and those who work late at night have poorer sleep and higher incidences of certain conditions associated with lack of sleep than those who regularly sleep eight or nine hours at night. A recent study published in Cancer Causes amp; Control, for example, found that the countries generating the most light at night have the highest incidence of breast cancer. We will write a custom essay sample on Sleep Cycle specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sleep Cycle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sleep Cycle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And studies at the Light Research Center at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia have found that the use of computers, lighted readers, and TVs at close range is tied to a higher incidence of sleeplessness. Whos at risk: Everyone exposed to light shortly before bed or during sleep. Light is also bad for hearts, which need deep sleep to recharge. Surprising fact: Every year theres a spike in the number of heart attacks just after the start of daylight savings time in the spring. What to do: Dim the lights and turn off all lighted screens at least an hour before bed. If you use a reading light, make sure its not any brighter than necessary and doesnt shine in your eyes. Do a light police room check: Are there streetlights outside your windows? Use blackout curtains or shades and make sure they fit the windows tightly so no light seeps in around the edge. Charge laptops, phones, cameras, and other devices in another room. Use an alarm clock without a lighted dial, or turn it to face the wall. Keep a flashlight next to your bed and use it whenever you have to get up to use the bathroom or let the dog out and be careful to point it away from yourself so you dont look into the beam. Dont turn on an overhead light, and never use nightlights. If you must use a laptop, turn down the screen brightness as low as you can tolerate and prop the laptop as far away from you as your typing arms will reach. If you love eReaders, try a Kindle or other device with a screen thats not backlit. 2. Pain How it disrupts sleep: Just about any kind of pain signals sent by the brain jaw pain, headaches, back pain, or arthritis, for example disrupt sleep, lifting you from the deep, restful REM cycle into lighter sleep or causing you to sleep fitfully and partially wake up over and over, which experts call microarousals. The evidence: Surveys of chronic pain sufferers reveal that between 60 and 90 percent sleep poorly. But many dont realize that their pain is the cause of their poor sleep. This can become a vicious cycle, says Thomas Roth of the Sleep Disorders and Research Center at the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, because even partial sleep disruptions can increase sensitivity to pain. In other words, even mild pain causes poor sleep, which in turn leads to more pain. Whos at risk: Anyone who suffers chronically painful conditions such as arthritis, back or neck pain, jaw alignment problems, dental pain, fibromyalgia, headaches, or any other type of chronic pain. Note: The p ain doesnt need to be severe; studies show that even mild pain disrupts sleep. According to Roth, frequent microarousals can occur throughout the night without your being aware of them. The result is that you never attain deep REM cycle sleep and wake up feeling tired and grumpy, but you dont know why. What to do: Take steps to treat your pain proactively. Using over-the-counter pain relief is a start, but its always best to consult with a doctor and develop a comprehensive pain-relief program. For example, you may need physical therapy to combat back and neck pain, or migraine medication if your frequent headaches might be migraines. If bruxism (teeth grinding) or jaw clenching is leading to jaw pain, a mouth guard is often the solution. 3. Disrupted breathing How it disrupts sleep: When oxygen flow to the brain is interrupted, your brain sends a warning signal that wakes you up either fully or partially, causing fitful sleep or preventing deep, restful sleep. The result: You wake feeling like you didnt sleep well, even if you were out for nine hours straight. The best known version of this is apnea, which is a complete stoppage of breathing. A much more common and less recognized problem is upper airway resistance syndrome, or UARS. In UARS, structural blockages somewhere in the airway nasal congestion, your tongue falling back and blocking the back of the throat, or just having a smaller airway to begin with begin to interfere with the flow of air. What happens is that you wake up over and over again without knowing it, but the sleep interruptions last only a few seconds, too short to be detected by a standard sleep apnea test. The evidence: Even subtle levels of restricted breathing can lead to deep brain stimulation and arousals that prevent your ability to stay in deep sleep, says otolaryngologist Steven Park, an otolaryngologist and author of Sleep, Interrupted: A Physician Reveals the #1 Reason Why So Many of Us Are Sick and Tired. You dont realize youre waking up, but your brain wakes up, so its now in a light sleep. We see people who are waking up 100 times a night. Whos at risk: People who breathe through their mouths or have chronic congestion, such as from asthma or allergies. If you sleep more poorly on your back, this can be a sign of UARS, because when you sleep on your back your tongue is more likely to sink back and block the entrance to your throat. If you have a narrow face, a thin neck, or had extensive orthodontic work to correct a crowded jaw, youre likely to be at particular risk for UARS, says Park. What to do: Start with some self-tests. Try using pillows to keep yourself on your side, or put a tennis ball in the back pocket of pajama bottoms, so you cant sleep on your back. If your nose often feels stuffed up, you might find relief with breathing strips, available at the drugstore. Another option is to try is a device designed to hold the nostrils open; brand names include Nozovent and Breathe with Eez. A saline nasal spray works for many people. If you have congestion due to seasonal allergies, try an antihistamine. (But if you take one that can act as a stimulant, such as Claritin or Sudafed, dont take it too close to bedtime. ) If none of these help, ask your doctor to refer you to an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist, who can evaluate whether youre a candidate for Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP), a nasal mask that delivers air directly through your airways. An ENT can also determine whether tongue position is causing your UARS, in which case a dental device that pushes the jaw and tongue forward can help. For many people, losing a few pounds can be the ticket to better sleep, since excess weight is linked to all kinds of breathing problems, including UARS, snoring, and sleep apnea. 4. Medications How they disrupt sleep: Medications sometimes have side effects that trigger sleeplessness or interfere with deep sleep. Most common culprits: asthma medications, corticosteroids, blood pressure medications, and antidepressants. Also, many ingredients in common medications act as stimulants. They may cause jitteriness during the day and trigger sleeplessness or prevent deep sleep at night. Example: Bronchodilators like albuterol and salmeterol, commonly used to treat asthma, bronchitis, and COPD, can amp you up and interfere with sleep, yet patients are often directed to use them at the end of the day. Other common medications that can interfere with sleep include SSRIs, such as Prozac and Paxil, and beta-blockers taken for high blood pressure and heart disease. Sometimes medications sabotage your sleep indirectly. Diuretics, for example, can interfere with sleep by causing you to use the bathroom at night. Tagamet (generic name cimetidine), taken to control reflux and ulcers, can cause sleeplessness, especially when combined with caffeine or other medications. Like many side effects, sleeplessness from medications can affect some people but not others; Propecia, used to treat hair loss, and the antihistamine loratadine (brand name Claritin) are both known to cause sleeplessness in a percentage of those who take them. Some people react to opioid pain medications with rebound sleeplessness, feeling sleepy at first but then waking up and being unable to get back to sleep. The evidence: Although every medication is tested for side effects during the FDA approval process, in many cases evidence of side effects mounts over time as a drug enters more widespread use. Albuterol has been widely reported to cause restlessness, nervousness, and sleeplessness. An article in the European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology also found that beta-blockers interfere with melatonin release. Recent studies have found that Prozac, Zoloft, Celexa, and other SSRIs affect sleep in a significant number of patients. If youre using an antidepressant, be sure to talk to your psychiatrist about any possible sleep problems and ask about alternative antidepressants if this is an issue. Whos at risk: Those taking regular medication for a chronic condition such as asthma, depression, high blood pressure, or pain. A medication that you take once is less likely to cause an ongoing sleep issue because you take it for a short period of time and are more likely to notice the side effect. When you have a chronic condition, youre more likely to attribute any sleep problems to the condition rather than the treatment. What to do: Any time youre prescribed a new medication, ask the doctor to discuss in detail all side effects you should be alert to. Its always a good idea to ask both the doctor and the pharmacist, How will this medication affect my sleep? Because some medications cause sleepiness, some interfere with sleep, and some do both, asking the question in an open-ended way will get you the most information. 5. Depression How it disrupts sleep: Fatigue is one of the most prevalent symptoms of depression, yet many people dont realize how closely related depression and poor sleep can be. Depression wreaks havoc with your natural biological rhythms; many people with depression have trouble getting out of bed in the morning, and they oversleep or get fatigued and nap during the day. Yet their sleep is fitful and of poor quality, so despite spending more hours ostensibly sleeping or trying to sleep, they dont feel well rested. Then at night, depression sufferers often have trouble maintaining a regular bedtime routine. Having slept late in the morning or napped late in the day, they may not feel sleepy. Anxiety, which often accompanies depression, may cause excessive late-night worry that contributes to sleeplessness. The evidence: Because the relationship between depression and insomnia is a chicken-and-egg cycle, experts have studied it from both directions. Psychological studies have found that a high proportion of those with depression suffer from either sleeplessness or disrupted sleep, and a recent study by the University of Maryland found that 40 to 60 percent of people Sleep Cycle Essay Example Sleep Cycle Essay Its natural to blame sleep problems on stress or physical changes that come with age. But many cases of either sleeplessness or poor sleep are caused by a handful of specific problems, most of them fixable with lifestyle changes or the help of a doctor. Here, five little-known causes of sleep problems and what to do about them. 1. Light How it disrupts sleep: You probably already know that when you stay up late under bright lights, you interrupt your bodys natural sleep-wake cycle, because light tricks your brain into remaining in daylight mode. Less well known is that the light from computer screens and iPads shining directly into your eyes at close range is especially troublesome. Why? Part of the problem is that the light from these devices is at the blue end of the spectrum, which scientists believe is particularly disruptive to circadian rhythms. Blue light, although common during the day, doesnt occur naturally during the evening. Similarly, light shining in your eyes while you sleep even very small amounts coming from, say, a lighted clock makes your brain think its morning and emerge out of deep sleep. Darkness triggers production of the hormone melatonin, the hormone that triggers sleepiness and the onset of sleep. Light prevents this release or shuts it off. The evidence: Studies have long shown that shift workers and those who work late at night have poorer sleep and higher incidences of certain conditions associated with lack of sleep than those who regularly sleep eight or nine hours at night. A recent study published in Cancer Causes amp; Control, for example, found that the countries generating the most light at night have the highest incidence of breast cancer. We will write a custom essay sample on Sleep Cycle specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sleep Cycle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sleep Cycle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And studies at the Light Research Center at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia have found that the use of computers, lighted readers, and TVs at close range is tied to a higher incidence of sleeplessness. Whos at risk: Everyone exposed to light shortly before bed or during sleep. Light is also bad for hearts, which need deep sleep to recharge. Surprising fact: Every year theres a spike in the number of heart attacks just after the start of daylight savings time in the spring. What to do: Dim the lights and turn off all lighted screens at least an hour before bed. If you use a reading light, make sure its not any brighter than necessary and doesnt shine in your eyes. Do a light police room check: Are there streetlights outside your windows? Use blackout curtains or shades and make sure they fit the windows tightly so no light seeps in around the edge. Charge laptops, phones, cameras, and other devices in another room. Use an alarm clock without a lighted dial, or turn it to face the wall. Keep a flashlight next to your bed and use it whenever you have to get up to use the bathroom or let the dog out and be careful to point it away from yourself so you dont look into the beam. Dont turn on an overhead light, and never use nightlights. If you must use a laptop, turn down the screen brightness as low as you can tolerate and prop the laptop as far away from you as your typing arms will reach. If you love eReaders, try a Kindle or other device with a screen thats not backlit. 2. Pain How it disrupts sleep: Just about any kind of pain signals sent by the brain jaw pain, headaches, back pain, or arthritis, for example disrupt sleep, lifting you from the deep, restful REM cycle into lighter sleep or causing you to sleep fitfully and partially wake up over and over, which experts call microarousals. The evidence: Surveys of chronic pain sufferers reveal that between 60 and 90 percent sleep poorly. But many dont realize that their pain is the cause of their poor sleep. This can become a vicious cycle, says Thomas Roth of the Sleep Disorders and Research Center at the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, because even partial sleep disruptions can increase sensitivity to pain. In other words, even mild pain causes poor sleep, which in turn leads to more pain. Whos at risk: Anyone who suffers chronically painful conditions such as arthritis, back or neck pain, jaw alignment problems, dental pain, fibromyalgia, headaches, or any other type of chronic pain. Note: The p ain doesnt need to be severe; studies show that even mild pain disrupts sleep. According to Roth, frequent microarousals can occur throughout the night without your being aware of them. The result is that you never attain deep REM cycle sleep and wake up feeling tired and grumpy, but you dont know why. What to do: Take steps to treat your pain proactively. Using over-the-counter pain relief is a start, but its always best to consult with a doctor and develop a comprehensive pain-relief program. For example, you may need physical therapy to combat back and neck pain, or migraine medication if your frequent headaches might be migraines. If bruxism (teeth grinding) or jaw clenching is leading to jaw pain, a mouth guard is often the solution. 3. Disrupted breathing How it disrupts sleep: When oxygen flow to the brain is interrupted, your brain sends a warning signal that wakes you up either fully or partially, causing fitful sleep or preventing deep, restful sleep. The result: You wake feeling like you didnt sleep well, even if you were out for nine hours straight. The best known version of this is apnea, which is a complete stoppage of breathing. A much more common and less recognized problem is upper airway resistance syndrome, or UARS. In UARS, structural blockages somewhere in the airway nasal congestion, your tongue falling back and blocking the back of the throat, or just having a smaller airway to begin with begin to interfere with the flow of air. What happens is that you wake up over and over again without knowing it, but the sleep interruptions last only a few seconds, too short to be detected by a standard sleep apnea test. The evidence: Even subtle levels of restricted breathing can lead to deep brain stimulation and arousals that prevent your ability to stay in deep sleep, says otolaryngologist Steven Park, an otolaryngologist and author of Sleep, Interrupted: A Physician Reveals the #1 Reason Why So Many of Us Are Sick and Tired. You dont realize youre waking up, but your brain wakes up, so its now in a light sleep. We see people who are waking up 100 times a night. Whos at risk: People who breathe through their mouths or have chronic congestion, such as from asthma or allergies. If you sleep more poorly on your back, this can be a sign of UARS, because when you sleep on your back your tongue is more likely to sink back and block the entrance to your throat. If you have a narrow face, a thin neck, or had extensive orthodontic work to correct a crowded jaw, youre likely to be at particular risk for UARS, says Park. What to do: Start with some self-tests. Try using pillows to keep yourself on your side, or put a tennis ball in the back pocket of pajama bottoms, so you cant sleep on your back. If your nose often feels stuffed up, you might find relief with breathing strips, available at the drugstore. Another option is to try is a device designed to hold the nostrils open; brand names include Nozovent and Breathe with Eez. A saline nasal spray works for many people. If you have congestion due to seasonal allergies, try an antihistamine. (But if you take one that can act as a stimulant, such as Claritin or Sudafed, dont take it too close to bedtime. ) If none of these help, ask your doctor to refer you to an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist, who can evaluate whether youre a candidate for Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP), a nasal mask that delivers air directly through your airways. An ENT can also determine whether tongue position is causing your UARS, in which case a dental device that pushes the jaw and tongue forward can help. For many people, losing a few pounds can be the ticket to better sleep, since excess weight is linked to all kinds of breathing problems, including UARS, snoring, and sleep apnea. 4. Medications How they disrupt sleep: Medications sometimes have side effects that trigger sleeplessness or interfere with deep sleep. Most common culprits: asthma medications, corticosteroids, blood pressure medications, and antidepressants. Also, many ingredients in common medications act as stimulants. They may cause jitteriness during the day and trigger sleeplessness or prevent deep sleep at night. Example: Bronchodilators like albuterol and salmeterol, commonly used to treat asthma, bronchitis, and COPD, can amp you up and interfere with sleep, yet patients are often directed to use them at the end of the day. Other common medications that can interfere with sleep include SSRIs, such as Prozac and Paxil, and beta-blockers taken for high blood pressure and heart disease. Sometimes medications sabotage your sleep indirectly. Diuretics, for example, can interfere with sleep by causing you to use the bathroom at night. Tagamet (generic name cimetidine), taken to control reflux and ulcers, can cause sleeplessness, especially when combined with caffeine or other medications. Like many side effects, sleeplessness from medications can affect some people but not others; Propecia, used to treat hair loss, and the antihistamine loratadine (brand name Claritin) are both known to cause sleeplessness in a percentage of those who take them. Some people react to opioid pain medications with rebound sleeplessness, feeling sleepy at first but then waking up and being unable to get back to sleep. The evidence: Although every medication is tested for side effects during the FDA approval process, in many cases evidence of side effects mounts over time as a drug enters more widespread use. Albuterol has been widely reported to cause restlessness, nervousness, and sleeplessness. An article in the European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology also found that beta-blockers interfere with melatonin release. Recent studies have found that Prozac, Zoloft, Celexa, and other SSRIs affect sleep in a significant number of patients. If youre using an antidepressant, be sure to talk to your psychiatrist about any possible sleep problems and ask about alternative antidepressants if this is an issue. Whos at risk: Those taking regular medication for a chronic condition such as asthma, depression, high blood pressure, or pain. A medication that you take once is less likely to cause an ongoing sleep issue because you take it for a short period of time and are more likely to notice the side effect. When you have a chronic condition, youre more likely to attribute any sleep problems to the condition rather than the treatment. What to do: Any time youre prescribed a new medication, ask the doctor to discuss in detail all side effects you should be alert to. Its always a good idea to ask both the doctor and the pharmacist, How will this medication affect my sleep? Because some medications cause sleepiness, some interfere with sleep, and some do both, asking the question in an open-ended way will get you the most information. 5. Depression How it disrupts sleep: Fatigue is one of the most prevalent symptoms of depression, yet many people dont realize how closely related depression and poor sleep can be. Depression wreaks havoc with your natural biological rhythms; many people with depression have trouble getting out of bed in the morning, and they oversleep or get fatigued and nap during the day. Yet their sleep is fitful and of poor quality, so despite spending more hours ostensibly sleeping or trying to sleep, they dont feel well rested. Then at night, depression sufferers often have trouble maintaining a regular bedtime routine. Having slept late in the morning or napped late in the day, they may not feel sleepy. Anxiety, which often accompanies depression, may cause excessive late-night worry that contributes to sleeplessness. The evidence: Because the relationship between depression and insomnia is a chicken-and-egg cycle, experts have studied it from both directions. Psychological studies have found that a high proportion of those with depression suffer from either sleeplessness or disrupted sleep, and a recent study by the University of Maryland found that 40 to 60 percent of people

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buy custom Obligations to Help the Poor essay An Ethical dilemma refers to a complex condition that involves mental conflict between different moral imperatives in which individuals are unable to choose one without inflicting or transgressing another. Ethical dilemma can also be referred to as an Ethical paradox because it plays a central role in debates concerning ethics especially in moral philosophy. Ethical dilemmas are mostly used to reject an ethical system as well as the worldview that results from it. In most of the societies, reasoning is always guided with rationality; each and every person is expected to carry out himself or his activities in a given manner. Philosophy plays a significant role in shaping the moral behavior of people in a given society. People have always to consider issues pertaining reasoning and logic; that for one to make a decision he/she has to think clearly, exceptionally well and clarify the whole issue plus weighing the consequences of his stand on the welfare of those around him/her. Ethical studies are truly fundamental in our lives as the society members because it tends to deepen our reflection on the key aspects and questions of life. It is also essential in the sense that it helps us to think better about morality as we are able to make moral judgments and decisions of which we can be held accountable. Ethical studies have been credited for sharpening general thinking of individuals because it enables them to learn essential intellectual skills, which enable them to think rigorously about fundamental questions surrounding their lives, they are able to understand and evaluate conflicting issues with ease. The dilemma here refers to the conflicting ideology or agenda between individuals and society, at large; this might be the case where the ethics held by individuals fail to fully comply with the moral standards set by the society. The society might expect people to go an extra mile and do certain things of which the individuals might not be able to accomplish due to their personal constraints; when such a situation is observed then it may be argued that there is an ethical dilemma. Ethical dilemma may also refer to a situation where individuals are indifferent between achieving their own personal objectives and helping the society to achieve its goals. The dilemma experienced in this case is that the society members especially the rich have to meet their own individual needs but the society expects them to help their poor collogues who are less fortunate; the dilemma is, should the rich carter for their own needs at the expense of the poor or should they extend a helping hand to the poor. This is a conflict that the society has to address in a fair and human manner, the poor have to be helped but the rich should not be left to bear the entire burden, mechanisms have to be put in place to help the poor despite the conflict at hand. Cultural Relativism Cultural relativism refers to the argument that holds bad and good that are relative to culture; that for something to be referred to as good, it must be socially approved in a given society or cultural setting. Peoples moral obligations must be strictly based on the norms of the society; the society may dictate its members moral obligations in a given way. For our case, we have to look for ways on how to address the problems encountered by the poor people in the US. Here, the society has the obligation of improving the living conditions of its poor members; it has to make each, and everybody to e responsible in uplifting the economically less fortunate individuals, the contradiction is that individuals want to improve on their own personal welfare regardless of what others are undergoing. The society views individuality as unethical measure and calls for individualism where people, who are wealthy have to come up and distribute part of their wealth to the less fortunate individuals. The system of cultural relativism has some weaknesses accompanied by it; a key among them is that the principle forces individuals to conform to societys obligations irrespective of the individuals personal stands. This is unfair as it denies individuals a chance to carry out their issues according to their wishes. Another thing is that cultural relativism cannot always be true in the sense that something can be socially approved, but it is not good according to the individuals. Subjectivism Subjectivism argues that moral judgments describes how people feel that for something to be viewed as bad or good the individuals concerned might have felt it. It goes a step further to propose that moral judgment shows how we may feel if we were totally rational. Idealism refers to a situation where an individual has supreme moral wisdom; a person who is fully informed and who is believed to have a lot of concern for everyone. The principles of subjectivism and idealism are very helpful in any given society since moral judgment can help the individuals in that society to help those who are poor by applying the moral principles of helping the needy. Idealism is of great help when it comes to addressing the plight of the poor in the US since the rich individuals, who are well informed and have impartial concern for their poor fellows can come in and offer substantial help. For the poor, to receive adequate help, the society has to be informed fully about the situation, feel the situation and develop an impartial concern for those individuals so as to help them. This means that the two principles can be of great help to the poor citizens of the US. Just like any other strategies or ideologies, the subjectivism tends to have a number of shortcomings that includes the following; the condition of impartiality is substantially unclear since it does not stipulate the limits of peoples concern, people ask that should they be concerned about the issues of their close relatives or total strangers? The idea of being fully informed seems to be unrealistic since it means that people have to access an infinite amount of knowledge, which is a rear situation in the real world, and it even doesnt make sense to conclude that if people are well informed they will tend to have the desire. Supernaturalism Supernaturalism is an argument that argues that moral judgment represents Gods will; here people tend to believe that, what the society perceives to be morally significant is the manifestation of Gods desire. When it comes to relating it to the plight of the poor in the US, it shall imply that the society has a moral responsibility to help the poor individuals because it views it as the desire or wish of God. People will respond by helping their colleagues to improve their lives as a result of the supernatural circumstances surrounding the whole issue. It is difficult for the non-believers to agree with the society about the issues pertaining to supernaturalism (Goudena et al, 23). Golden Rule This rule argues that we must treat others the way we would expect them to treat us; this is a very human argument because we never know what tomorrow holds for us and so we should always be willing to help others; this can be used by the rich people in the US to help their poor countrymen. The rule requires empathy and appreciation of future consequences of our current actions; people might not be more concerned about the future because they feel that they have enough wealth to see them through the future. Consequentialism It requires us to do things that lead to good results/outcomes for the whole society; this means that the people of America will decide to help their poor counterparts to move out of poverty traps. The major disadvantage of this approach is that it is difficult to determine the consequences of a given initiative early enough, before giving it a try. Non-Consequentialism This implies that individuals have to help others in the society without necessarily looking at what they will achieve in return or what the consequences shall be. Here the poor can be helped to overcome their challenges easily because the wealthy members of the society are not concerned about the consequences of their initiatives. The weakness of this principal is that it fails to incorporate the effects of help to the helpers; helpers must establish the cost benefit analysis of their aid (Maxi et al, 292). Aristotles Ethics of Virtue Aristotle argues that man is a rational being and that virtue is between two extremes; the rationality and virtue can be very significant in propelling people to respond to the plight of the poor. One of the limitations of this principle is that we are imperfectly irrational, and at times, the inconsistency of will can occur (Kiehil, 56). Natural Law It refers to a tradition that views basic moral laws as objectives based on the nature and knowledge through natural human; this can be of great help to the poor because people views it as their responsibility to help others. The law is non-consequential in nature and may be subjected to the same shortcomings like those affecting the latter (Green, 67). According to Alan Saars, the disadvantage tends to have structural interests that are negative with the status quo of which once they are assumed, will eventually lead to social change. Thus, the less fortunate are viewed as agents of change rather than objects that the rich shall feel sympathy for. The information is obtained from Sears, A, (2008). A Good Book, In Theory: A Guide to theoretical Thinking. Virtual Printers. Interviewed Dr. Tom who is one of the leading philosophers and Critical thinkers; I wanted him to clarify how the ethical dilemmas can be avoided in our contemporary societies and he responded that the way out is to address the inequality by transforming the existing relations in the society. He drew his statement from following book: Malcolins, J. (2011). Society, Sociology. New York. Prentice Hall. Conclusion Have observed the issues pertaining the ethical dilemma and the plight of the poor in the US, I can confidently argue that it is the responsibility of the federal governments to put measures in place that shall improve the lives of the poor rather than depending on the society. Buy custom Obligations to Help the Poor essay

Toxic Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Toxic Culture - Essay Example izational Culture, I will agree with Guthries position basing on the fact that it’s the leaders responsibility to create and shape the organizations culture (Guthrie, 2014). A study by Lin and McDonough (2011) clearly identifies that leadership has a direct influence on organization culture. The study shows that leaders cannot directly influence an organizations productivity; however, they can directly influence the organizations culture, which has a direct influence on the organizations productivity. Although in the beginning the leader is solely responsible for creating an organization culture, the culture starts to evolve with time and partly influences the organizations leadership. However, a leader who clearly understand the basic ideas of leadership and strives to help the organization achieve its goals should never claim ignorance of what is happening under their nose. They should understand that they are in control; therefore, their task is to constantly monitor the change in their organizations culture. That is to say if ‘the organizations culture turns toxic’ they should be responsible for condoning it since that is their responsibility. Guthrie, D. (2014, January 16). Whos to Blame for Creating a Toxic Organizational Culture? Retrieved from Forbes: http://www.forbes.com/sites/dougguthrie/2014/01/16/whos-to-blame-for-creating-a-toxic-organizational-culture/ Lin, H. E., & McDonough, E. F. (2011). Investigating the role of leadership and organizational culture in fostering innovation ambidexterity. Engineering Management, IEEE Transactions on, 58, (3): 497-509. Malby, B. (2007). How does leadership make difference to organizational culture and effectiveness? Retrieved from Nothern Leadership Academy: